![]() ![]() Austria, Great Britain, Hanover, and Russia fought France, Prussia, Spain, and Bavaria. The War of Austrian Succession started when powers in Europe, notably France and Prussia challenged the power of the Habsburg-ruled Holy Roman by claiming that Maria Theresa, the heir apparent to the Holy Roman Empire could not rule since she was a woman. The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war for Britain and France.The Seven Years War was partially caused by issues lingering from the War of Austrian Succession. Spain's short intervention resulted in the loss of Florida, though it gained French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River in exchange and Britain returned Cuba as well as the Philippines. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. While French and allied forces were able to occupy Prussian and Hanoverian territories up to East Frisia, French ambitions to invade Britain and to continue with their guerre de course were thwarted by a British naval blockade, which also impaired French supply routes to the colonies. ![]() William Pitt's saying that "America was won in Germany" referred to the Prussian war effort, which enabled Great Britain to limit her continental commitments and focus on her "blue water policy," successfully establishing naval supremacy. Frederick however recovered, regained ground and managed to avoid any concessions in Hubertusburg, where the status quo ante bellum was restored. In Europe, Frederick II of Prussia failed to complete a preemptive strike against Austria, and his opponents repulsed and at Kunersdorf nearly destroyed his forces. The native American tribes were excluded from the peace settlement, and were unable to return to their former status after the resulting Pontiac's rebellion. Great Britain succeeded in the contested overseas territories, gaining the bulk of New France, Spanish Florida, some Caribbean islands, Senegal and superiority over the French outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The war had been characterized by sieges and arson of towns as well as open battles involving extremely-heavy losses overall, some 900,000 to 1,400,000 people died. The war ended with the peace treaties of Paris (France, Spain, Great Britain) and of Hubertusburg (Hohenzollerns, Habsburgs, Saxon elector) in 1763. Sweden also concluded a separate peace with Prussia in 1762. The Russian Empire left its offensive alliance with the Habsburgs on the death of Empress Elizabeth and the succession of Peter III. It fought an Austro-French camp that was allied with Sweden, Saxony and later Spain. The Hohenzollerns (in Prussia) and the Habsburgs ( Holy Roman Emperors and archdukes in Austria) fought each other, mainly over Silesia.Ī "diplomatic revolution" established an Anglo-Prussian camp that was allied with some smaller German states and later the Portuguese Empire. In the war, the trade interests of the British Empire were opposed to those of the Bourbons (in France and Spain). Īs for the conflict between Prussia and Austria, it is called the Third Silesian War. In India, it is known as the Third Carnatic War. In both Sweden and Prussia, it was called the Pomeranian War. In French Canada, it is called the War of the Conquest. In the United States, it is called the French and Indian War. The war was known by different names in different places. ![]() Īn important cause of the war was the earlier War of the Austrian Succession. One was mainly between Britain and France, and the other was between Prussia and its enemies: France, Austria, Russia, and Sweden. At first, the war was made up of two conflicts. The Seven Years' War lasted from 1756 to 1763 and involved most of the great powers in Europe. Death of General Wolfe at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham
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